2 What is Freedom.  “Man is born free, but everywhere in chains.” – Jean Jacques Rousseau.

the distinctions of rich, and poor, may in a great measure be accounted for, and that without having recourse to the harsh, ill-sounding names of oppression and avarice. Oppression is often the consequence, but seldom or never the means of riches.

4 Freedom in Brave New World Discusses history and how people could not control their emotions because of, “obscene relationships’” pg 31 between family members.

” pg 35 Here Mond discusses in more detail the states desire to keep emotions calm so they, not the family, can control the people. He further discusses the importance of community and lack of individuality to control the people.

5 Chapter 16  “Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments will hum about my ears, and sometimes voice.” pg 192 – The Tempest Mond is able to quote the Shakespearean play because he can break the rules. because he is in power.

He was and is a free thinker. The state needs a free thinker to control it.

‘Expecting Deltas to know what liberty is. ’” pg 194.

cannot lawfully make a new Covenant, amongst themselves, to be obedient to any other, in anything whatsoever, without his permission. And therefore, they that are subjects to a Monarch cannot, without his leave, cast off Monarchy and return to the confusion of a disunited Multitude.

Every change is a menace to stability.” – The Controller Pg 198. 7 Bernard Marx  Philosopher Karl Marx: Forms of society rise and fall as they further and then impede the development of human productive power.

– The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  Bernard Marx: Lacks any sort of control. Is angry and critical of the New World government in the beginning of the book stating, “‘How can I.

‘No, the real problem is: How is it that I can’t, or rather because after all I know quite well why I can’t – what would it be like if I could, if I were free – not enslaved by my conditioning.” pg 78. 8 New World vs.

9 The Reservation  Fenced in by the New World. Religion, monogamy, democratic anarchy in small communities, no clean water, no consumerism, violence, rituals est.

10 Compare and Contrast  Which do you prefer. Why.

Are they one in the same (would you prefer the society with the most freedom. ).

1 “EVERYWHERE MAN IS BORN FREE, YET EVERYWHERE HE IS IN CHAINS”. 2 “What is englightenment.

3 Foucault/Kant: A way out from what. Letting a book take the place of our understanding Allowing a spiritual director to tell us how to think in the place of using our own conscience Permitting a doctor or “expert” to tell us what we should be eating, doing, etc.

4 Enlightenment as a symptom of a society in crisisThings can and must get better – PROGRESS History may have been the story of the crimes and follies of mankind until now—now things were going to change—since man now has the way out: REASON—man can control his own destiny by understanding it Change becomes GOOD in itself Emancipation from authority of the church and the state Increasing sense that government should be there not to tax and oppress people, but to ensure the welfare of the people.

6 Voltaire Fundamentally opposed to Montesquieu: opposed to Parlements—believed they were narrow and selfish groups pushing their own interests at the expense of society Hated dogma of all kinds: Substitute “deism” for blind faith demanded of traditional religion Also opposes atheism “Superstition is to religion what astrology is to astronomy: the foolish dauther of a very wise mother” – they “have subjugated the world for a long time”.

I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as our brothers. What.

The Chinaman my brother. The Jew.

Yes, without doubt. are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God.

we are lost in the immensity of the universe. Man, only five feet high, is assuredly only a small thing in creation.”.

Is it not a good field, whose owner, lodged in a well-kept house can say: ‘This field that I till, this house that I have built, are mine. I live there protected by laws which no tyrant can infringe.

I am a part of everything, a part of the community, a part of the dominion. there is my fatherland’”.

For four thousand years has this question been debated. Ask the rich for an answer, they all prefer aristocracy.

only kings prefer royalty. How then is it that nearly the whole world is governed by monarchs.

But in truth, the real reason is, as has been said, that men are very rarely worthy of governing themselves. It is sad that often in order to be a good patriot one is the enemy of the rest of mankind.

It is clear that one country cannot gain without another’s losses, and that it cannot conquer without making misery. Such then is the human state that to wish for one’s country’s greatness is to wish harm to one’s neighbors.

9 Jean jacques rousseau Dreamy, sensitive, given to readingCult of sensibility and love of nature put him on cusp between Enlightenment and Romanticism Last years of life—nature and botany only thing that calmed him Also interested in music In Discourses praised fasionable primitivism, protested “artificiality” of Parisian culture Believed civilization a mistake Progress of sciences and arts—Enlightenment itself—has deformed man’s feelings and made society intolerable Doesn’t want to go back to the woods, wants to figure out how to make society tolerable Sees problem coming when social life brings in property and competitions, hence, the emergence of inequality.

” “…the individual member alienates himself totally to the whole community together with all his rights.

In the first instance, putting the will into words and force is an act of sovereignty: the will becomes law. In the second instance, it is only a particular will or an administrative action.

You can never corrupt the people, but you can often fool them, and that is the only time that the people appear to will something bad….

there is no other possibility. “The deputies of the people thus are not and cannot be its representatives.

Any law that the people have not ratified in person is void, it is not a law at all.”. 12 Public Sphere and Political Problem of Old RegimeThought develops in fairly amorphous “public sphere” – no center: makes it inherently unstable in multiple ways Contrast is Centered sphere of the Absolute Monarchy Assumes an identity between the King and the Nation (Voltaire’s odd piece here—what is your pays (nation).

What happens when King dies. Nothing much—usually worked out through an orderly dynastic succession: “The King is dead.

13 Everything about court part of machinery of power: “Le Roi Machine”. 14.

16 Challenged by rise of public sphereMany people begin to see opinion as an important political form Critical public opinion tends to have a political function Many demand public discussion of: how do you make foreign policy. How do you determine taxation.

I would rather be a man of paradoxes than a man of prejudices. MAN is born free.

One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they. If there were a nation of Gods, it would govern itself democratically.

What wisdom can you find greater than kindness. There is no evildoer who could not be made good for something.

MAN is born free. and everywhere he is in chains.

The people of England regards itself as free. but it is grossly mistaken.

As soon as they are elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing. The first man, who, after enclosing a piece of ground, took it into his head to say, This is mine, and found people simple enough to believe him, was the true founder of civil society.

from which it follows that the social state is advantageous to men only when all possess something and none has too much. Trust your heart rather than your head.

He who blushes is already guilty. I am a hundred times happier in my solitude than I could be if I lived among them.

A government so perfect is not suited to men. Nature never deceives us.

In respect of riches, no citizen shall ever be wealthy enough to buy another, and none poor enough to be forced to sell himself. Or, rather, let us be more simple and less vain.

Nothing is lacking: official reports, affidavits of well-known people, of surgeons, of priests, of magistrates. the judicial proof is most complete.

Happiness requires three things, a good bank account, a good cook, and good digestion. I hate books.

To write a good love letter, you ought to begin without knowing what you mean to say, and to finish without knowing what you have written. It is pity in which the state of nature takes the place of laws, morals and virtues, with the added advantage that no one there is tempted to disobey its gentle voice.

Every person has a right to risk their own life for the preservation of it. Oh, man.

My love for imaginary objects and my facility in lending myself to them ended by disillusioning me with everything around me, and determined that love of solitude which I have retained ever since that time.

1 Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Popular sovereignty. 2 Voltaire Advocated Free Speech and Religious Toleration “I may not agree with a word you say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it”.

4 The French Revolution Background, Background, Reasons and Reasons and Beginnings Beginnings. 5 Unrest in France Bad harvests High prices High taxes Disturbing questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire.

6 It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… — Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities. 7 FirstEstate Clergy 1% 1% SecondEstate Nobles2% Third Estate Bourgeoisie, Laborers, Artisans Peasants97%.

Subject to Military NO YES NO NONO YESYES YESYES YES YES NO Inequity of the French Estates. 9 The Burden of the Third Estate.

11 The French Urban Poor. 12 2.Helping with the American Revolution.

(Louis XVI.) 3.The lavish life style of the King and his court. King and his court.

from prior wars. from prior wars.

14 Benjamin Franklin at Court in France trying to gain support for the American Revolution. 15.

17 The French Monarchy: 1775 – 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI. 18 Marie Antoinett e and the Royal Children.

20 Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Cottage”. 21.

YMarie Antoinette NEVER said that. Y“Madame Deficit” Y“The Austrian Whore”.

24 “The Third Estate Awakens” The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.” They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.

26 Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. 18 died.

7 guards killed. It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

27 The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789) YRumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

VProperty. VResistance to oppression.

29 The September Massacres, 1792 (The dark side of the Revolution. )  Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.

 It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

31 Make-up of the National Convention 1792-1795 Speaker Jacobins “The Mountain” Radicals Moderates “The Plain” Conservatives Girondins. 32 The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House  They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.

 Membership mostly middle class.  Created a vast network of clubs.

33 u Journalist who was an early Jacobin leader. u Outspoken critic of the Old Regime u Advocated death for opponents of the revolution u Because of a skin disease, he was forced to work out of his bathtub.

35 Jacobin Takeover of the Convention May 31, 1793 u On May 31, 1793, Jacobins began arresting and executing Girondins u Many Girondins escaped and became emigres u On July 31, 1793, a Girondin supporter, Charlotte Corday, assassinated Marat as he sat in his bathtub. He became a martyr.

36 “The Death of Marat” by Jacques Louis David, 1793. 37 The Reign of Terror Sept.

u Defendants were tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal. Trials were quick and unfair.

38 The Reign of Terror Sept. 17, 1793-July 28, 1794 u In May 1794, Danton called for an end to the terror.

u By July, moderates had turned against Robespierre. He was executed on July 28, 1794 ending the Reign of Terror.

39 The Revolution Consumes Its Own Children. Danton Awaits Execution, 1793 Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

40 * On September 22, 1792, the convention established the First French Republic * All adult male citizens were given the right to vote * A new calendar with 10 day weeks was created. Nine work days and one day off * 1792 became year 1 of the republic * The monarchy was abolished and the royal family imprisoned The First French Republic.

42 Trial of Louis XVI Dec. 12, 1792 – Jan.

15, 1793, Louis was found guilty by a 683 to 66 vote u The next day Louis was sentenced to execution by a 361 to 360 vote. 43 Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents.

The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

They were: The Netherlands Austria Prussia Spain Great Britain FBecame the first of four anti-French coalitions (1793-1815) (1793-1815). 45 The Constitution of 1793 u The moderates who controlled the Convention finished the new Constitution in the fall of 1795 u A new government, The Directory, was created u The Directory consisted of an executive branch of 5 directors, and a weak legislature u Only property owning men could vote.

u They were stopped by a young unknown general Napoleon Bonaparte Execution of Robespierre July 28, 1794. 47 Napoleon Bonaparte.

50 Peninsular War In an effort to get Portugal to accept the Continental System, he sent an invasion force through Spain. Napoleon removed the Spanish king and put his own brother on the throne.

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau “Man was born free and he is everywhere in chains”. It is not a given to think that everyone wants to be free.

In an economically free society, the primary role of government is to protect individuals and their property from aggression by others. Studies have shown that living in a country with high overall economic freedom is a relevant determinant of feeling in control of one’s own life.

However, it is a misconception to believe that everyone wants to be free. It is not a given to think that everyone wants to be free.

Buchanan noticed that the majority of scientists, scholars, and academics have assumed that people want to be at liberty to make their own choices, to be free from coercion by others. This assumption has failed to emphasize the fact that liberty carries with it responsibility and it is evident that many people do not want to shoulder the final responsibility for their own actions.

Relatively few persons are sufficiently strong as individuals, to take on the full range of liberties and their accompanying responsibilities, without seeking some substitute or replacement of the parental shelter they had when they were a child. Religion does serve this purpose.

But more importantly, the State takes on this parental role by stepping in and relieving the individual of his responsibility as an independently choosing and acting adult. In exchange of course for this safety, the State reduces the liberty of the individual considerably and dictates every aspect of his life directly or indirectly.

Those persons want to be told what to do and when to do it. they seek order and security rather than insecurity and freedom, and order comes at a cost that they seem willing to pay.

The three forms of security that most people are seeking are: (i) financial security, (ii) intellectual security (the assurance that one is right in his belief), and (iii) emotional security (assurance that one will always be loved). To be self-reliant is to recognize the fact that no one is as concerned about your future as you are, and no one knows as much about you as you do.

Harry Browne teaches us that a free person takes full responsibility for both the good and the bad in their life. If the market for their service should change, it isn’t a disaster as they are mentally prepared for this possibility and immediately look for something new while others sulk over their bad luck.

If the government raises taxes, they look for a way to legally avoid them. A free person recognizes their own sovereignty.

Freedom is the opportunity to live your life as you want to live it. It is easy to think that you lack the opportunity to be free because someone has the power to enslave you.

The secure individual knows that the future is uncertain but is vigilant. To be vigilant is to recognize that there will be constant change in the world.

The secure individual is always prepared for changes and surprises and is prepared to deal with them as they arise. Self-reliance means being honest with oneself, acknowledging mistakes as they become known, and not brushing them under the carpet and pretends they don’t exist.

Insecurity comes from vulnerability. The insecure person relies upon protectors, institutions, and people who (they hope) will guarantee the result for them.

Vulnerable people often spend more energy trying to look for unreliable protectors than trying to improve their own self-reliance. Having security is always possible, but it can only come from the willingness to handle situations as they arise and having the knowledge and confidence to know that you can do so.

They will look for a leader to compensate for their lack of confidence and will look for an enemy to justify whatever goes wrong. That individual refusal to take responsibility for their own actions will condemn them to the illusion of being free when in fact they are in shackles.

The desire to be loved, to be understood and appreciated is universal. The problem is that most people believe that the only way to be loved, understood, and appreciated is by earning it.

A challenging idea that Harry Browne puts forward is the idea that if you rely upon yourself, you know that you can find the type of person who will appreciate you. If you rely solely upon marriage, family, or groups, you know intuitively that you are vulnerable.

You may find someone to marry, but that doesn’t mean that they will always love you or that they will always understand or appreciate you. When you get married, that person does not belong to you, matrimony does not equate to being in a ‘marital prison’.

Being free also means letting others be free. “Everyone’s freedom ends where the freedom of others begins.” Being free means freedom from the urge to control others.

You don’t have the responsibility to make people see what you see and to act the way you act. It is not your responsibility to convince others of the rightness of your idea.

People are free to be and to act the way they want. each person sees their own happiness in their own way.

Your Quest is to understand that you are sovereign, to understand that you have choices, to live your life the way you want, to free yourself from self-imposed shackles, and to try not to fall into the traps and boxes that await you along the way.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778 – Switzerland) –Philosopher, writer, and composer. Best known for his book “The Social Contract or Principle of Political Right” said to have influenced the French Revolution.

Economist. Best known for his work on “Public Choice Theory.” Harry Browne (17 Jun 1933 – 1 March 2006 – USA).

When To Follow The Rules and When To Break ThemNo Man Is an IslandHow To Become A High-Value IndividualLive and Let LiveIf …Fairy WisdomLesson in Mastery from Snowboarding Teen Genius Mia BrookesLeave Your Hat OnGrab A Rope and Skip Yourself to HealthWhy Do We Love Pirates. What Is the Secret to Survive & Thrive In This Chaotic World.

Long Story Short – Episode 4 – We Are All ExplorersAll I Want For Christmas is…Long Story Short – Episode 3 – Be Like WaterLong Story Short – Episode 2 – How Do I find My passion.

The Ebook version is available on Amazon (Kindle), Barnes & Noble (Nook), Apple (iBooks) & Kobo. Check out my Amazon Author Page here or my listing on Booksradar.com.

The audio version of my book “This Is your Quest ” is available. Feel free to check it out and use this special Promotion code.

The world is a big place. But at the end of the day, all we have control over is our own little corner of it, which begins with the self.

However, we can carve out our own space of freedom within it. Personal autonomy is absolutely crucial for anyone seeking to make a free life for themselves in a world where personal freedom is hemmed in on all sides from both state and private institutions.

The question is how we go about doing this in a world where it is so difficult. In the hardest of situations, it can be helpful to simply know that others have confronted the same challenges as you and have overcome them.

When we are a slave to our emotions how can we ever be otherwise free. Again: The world around us is largely out of our control, but we can control ourselves.

All of this is easier said than done. But perhaps these quotes will help you to see the path forward when nothing else will.

“He alone is great and happy, who requires neither to command nor to obey, in order to secure his being of some importance in the world.”. – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

“Every human being has a fundamental obligation to determine what is just and then to act according to his or her conscience, even if it contradicts the majority or the law. One’s moral conscience is what makes someone fully human.”.

“I was not born to be forced. I will breathe after my own fashion.

– Henry David Thoreau, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience.

“A basic theme for the anarch is how man, left to his own devices, can defy superior forces – whether state, society, or the elements – by making use of their rules without submitting to them.”. – Ernst Jünger, Eumeswil.

“‘It is strange,’ Sir William Parry wrote when describing the igloos on Winter Island, ‘it is strange to think that all these measure are taken against the cold – and in houses of ice.’”. – Ernst Jünger, Eumeswill.

“I don’t have to be what you want me to be. I’m free to be who I wanna be and think what I wanna think.”.

“As for politics, I’m an anarchist. I hate governments and rules and fetters.

People must be free.”. – Charlie Chaplin.

“Wear none of thine own chains. but keep free, whilst thou art free.”.

“I bark at no man’s bid. I will never come and go, and fetch and carry, at the whistle of the great man in the White House no matter who he is.”.

“Knowing others is intelligence.

Mastering others is strength.

– Lao Tzu.

“I have always viewed [this culture] from a safe distance, knowing I don’t belong. it doesn’t include me, and it never has.

Planet, species, race, nation, state, religion, party, union, club, association, neighborhood, improvement committee. I have no interest in any of it.

– George Carlin, Brain Droppings.

“There’s a line in the picture where he snarls, ‘Nobody tells me what to do.’ That’s exactly how I’ve felt all my life.”. – Marlon Brando.

“Not I, nor anyone else can travel that road for you. You must travel it by yourself.

It is within reach. Perhaps you have been on it since you were born, and did not know.

– Walt Whitman.

“Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery. Forbid it, Almighty God.

– Patrick Henry.

“Our unalterable resolution should be to be free.”. – Sam Adams, to James Warren, 1776.

“Malcolm X and Edmund Burke shared an appreciation of this important insight, this painful truth — that the state wants men to be weak and timid, not strong and proud.”. – Thomas Stephen Szasz, Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual Persecution of Drugs, Addicts and Pushers.

“No person is free who is not master of himself.”. – Epictetus.

“True mastery transcends any particular art. It stems from mastery of oneself—the ability, developed through self-discipline, to be calm, fully aware, and completely in tune with oneself and the surroundings.

– Bruce Lee.

“I am no bird. and no net ensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will.”.

“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”. – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract.

What good would it be to possess the whole universe if one were its only survivor.

Everything is good as it comes from the hands of the Maker of the world, but degenerates once it gets into the hands of man. The first man who, having enclosed a piece of ground, bethought himself of saying ‘this is mine’, and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civil society.

The people of England regards itself as free. but it is grossly mistaken.

As soon as they are elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing. Every artists wants to be applauded.

I prefer liberty with danger than peace with slavery. The imagination which causes so many ravages among us, never speaks to the heart of savages.

Nothing is lacking: official reports, affidavits of well-known people, of surgeons, of priests, of magistrates. the judicial proof is most complete.

In truth, laws are always useful to those with possessions and harmful to those who have nothing. from which it follows that the social state is advantageous to men only when all possess something and none has too much.

In any real democracy, magistracy isn’t a benefit—it’s a burdensome responsibility that can’t fairly be imposed on one individual rather than another. I hate books.

Alas, it is when we are beginning to leave this mortal body that it most offends us.

Nothing on this earth is worth buying at the price of human blood. I am a hundred times happier in my solitude than I could be if I lived among them.

the imaginary world is infinite. Unable to enlarge the one, let us restrict the other, for it is from the difference between the two alone that are born all the pains which make us truly unhappy.

it is always we who deceive ourselves. However great a man’s natural talent may be, the act of writing cannot be learned all at once.

and everywhere he is in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they.

Live your own life and no longer be wretched.

An intermediary body established between the subjects and the sovereign for their mutual communication, a body charged with the execution of the laws and the maintenance of freedom, both civil and political. If there were a nation of Gods, it would govern itself democratically.

The people of England regards itself as free. but it is grossly mistaken.

As soon as they are elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing.

“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” the opening sentence of Rousseau’s book ‘the Social Contract’ summarises his entire philosophical thoughts about nature and fate of man (women as well) in modern society. This quote of Rousseau re-affirms his views expressed in his two discourses.

In those discourses, Rousseau held the view that modern civilization, the science, literature, civil society, and private property have actually corrupted and de-based the nobility and purity of human nature. They had the effect to make man competitive, egoistic, selfish, jealous, cruel, and immoral.

Man is born as free and equal soul. He is neither rich not poor, neither man or woman( yes.

But as he grows and gain his consciousness and frame his identity, he feels the chain of bondage everywhere. His identity and status, privileges and rights, his entire existence is determined by social conventions about sex, colour, race, nationality, wealth, success, etc.

He himself being denied equal rights, resources, privileges, opportunities. He found himself bound by the chains of oppressive laws not of his own making.

Not only in political domain he found himself in chains but also in private domain, in the civil society- marriages, family, even in interpersonal relations- the man find himself in chains. In marriage, women are subjected in the name of sex.

Some of these restrictions are nothing less than the chain. Even the interpersonal relations in modern society becomes market mediated relation based on exchange value of man.

In a nutshell, Rousseau’s account from man’s losing his freedom in modern society goes like this. As a natural creation man has a free soul.

He had the capability of perfectibility and through that made his life better and better. He lived in himself in the lap of nature.

Hence, there was no competition, no ego, no enmity. The life of man in state of nature as noble savage was simple, frugal, contended and peaceful.

But all this changed with the advent of civilizational progress, rise of society, and private property. Individuals possessing superior natural abilities acquired more material resources, stopped other using them (claiming them as his private property).

Society became divided in social classes-. ‘have’ and ‘have nots’.

Domination based on property also extended to inequality and subjugation based on sex, colour, race, nationality. Soon the dominant class captured the political power.

By laws and many social conventions, they denied property rights and equal opportunities to fellow man based on sex, colour, class. Thus, modern society took away both political, personal and moral freedom from the man.

To him, when man enters into a social contract with one and all to form a sovereign political community, he develops from a man to citizen. When he participates in deliberations and communication with fellow citizen to frame the general will, he is exercising his ‘real’ or ‘true’ will guided by his ‘higher self’.

Laws and policies flowing from general will are just, right, and egalitarian. The man, by obeying those laws is gaining moral freedom as he is obeying none other than himself as author of those laws.

As a equal member of the sovereign political community, he is not dominated or ruled by any other than himself. Hence, he also regains his political freedom.

Rousseau claimed to have reconciled the greatest dialectic of the human life, that is, the contradiction between natural freedom and civic life in modern society. In conclusion, the famous quote of Rousseau depicts the dilemma of human condition in modern society.

Hence, the man who is born free finds himself everywhere constrained, differentiated, dominated, denied equal rights and liberty. Thus, he found himself everywhere in chains.

Man has chained other man. This is the tragedy of modern civilization and Society.

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1 Rousseau’s Vision of the HumanPhilosophy 224 Rousseau’s Vision of the Human. 2 Jean-Jacques RousseauRousseau was a historical contemporary of Hume’s ( ).

In philosophy, his primary contributions are to political theory (through the vehicles of Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract).

He’s part of a discussion taking place across Europe at the time (a discussion that included Thomas Hobbes and John Locke). This discussion had a significant influence on the founding fathers of the U.S., though Rousseau’s direct influence is more notable in the context of the French revolution.

Common Assumptions: State of Nature Theory of Human Nature Rational Agents (. ).

When the subject is the sovereign. What political system embodies this principle.

5 The Existing Contract “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” (The Social Contract). (We get the crisis, before we get the ontology.

All such inequalities produce power. To the extent that certain inequalities are natural, there will inevitably be power accumulation and disproportionality.

The task of The Social Contract is to specify how this power can be legitimated as authority.

As Rousseau recounts the development of ever more complex social forms (family-rule of the strong-the self-subordination of an individual in slavery), he makes it clear that a return to the “state of nature” is impossible. Inevitable development requires a social contract.

7 The Pact The challenge is to “Find a form of association which defends and protects with all common forces the person and goods of each associate, and by means of which each one, while uniting with all, nevertheless obeys only himself and remains as free as before.” This is possible only by exchanging my natural liberty for civil liberty: the freedom to do what the laws allow (freedom limited by law).

This exchange then gives me access to civil rights, which gain the protection of whole of civil society, which is nothing other than me (and everyone else) as a collective social whole.

It focuses on the question of what sort of education would enable the ‘natural man’ to navigate the complexities of social relations. It was very controversial when it was published, being banned and burned in Paris and Geneva.

9 The Starting Point “Everything is good as it comes from the hands of the Maker of the world but degenerates once it gets into the hands of man” (110). This opening sentence of Emile encapsulates both the theory of human nature Rousseau assumes and the crisis to which he is trying to respond.

Like as with Mencius, this goodness should be understood as a capacity rather than as an accomplished fact. This explains why this fundamental goodness can degenerate (if the capacity is unrealized or even corrupted).

10 Diagnosis As we’ve seen, though it’s possible to articulate the natural state of human beings, the state is never in fact one that we occupy. Rousseau is much more realistic about this than many other social contract theorists.

11 The Prescription “Plants are fashioned by cultivation, men by education” (110). Though existing human relations are the source of the problem, a special form of this relation is also the cure: education.

The Education of Men consists in developing the use of these faculties for specific purposes. The Education of Things consists in learning through experience how the things around us affect us or can be affected.

12 Human Education Obviously, the first and the last of these are, at least in their most fundamental forms, not under human control. It’s our conscious self-education that we must consider, and Rousseau is not particularly optimistic about its chances.

The problem, when there is one, obviously lies in the “Education of Men.” It’s the only one we have any control over.

IndividualIn pursuit of educational harmony, we can choose to be educated in common according to prevailing social norms, or we can seek a more individualized educational context. For reasons which should be evident, Rousseau is skeptical about communal education, insisting that “exceptional” people (those that are both individuals and citizens) are produced in a more individualized context.

Not content or training, but human beings (112-13).

On the basis of observed differences between the behaviors and capacities of men and women, Rousseau attempts to specify the specific differences of men and women. Men are active and strong.

Men are masterful. women are pleasing.

women are charming. Men are bold.

15 A different Education “Men and women are unequally affected by sex. The male is only a male at times.

This claim conditions the different educational models Rousseau proposes for men and women. The specific differences are less important than the principle with distinguishes them.

Every day is a good day to discuss Enlightenment philosophers. At least I think so.

So, who was he. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher from the independent state of Geneva.

But what does that even mean. Political and moral philosophy.

Because of this, his ideas have been influential in a number of fields, including history, ethics, sociology, psychology, and others.

Although Rousseau was from the independent state of Geneva, he is often associated with French philosophy because of the connections between Geneva and France. Geneva is basically surrounded by France, and many of its people speak French.

All of this is why Rousseau is often thought of as French.

1 Age of Enlightenment Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains. Rousseau.

This was a time when reason was a key part of progress. They used observation and logic to understand the world instead of errors and superstitions.

In France these thinkers were known as philosophes French for Philosophers. These thinkers gathered in informal meeting places called salons.

3 Enlightenments form of thinking grew out of the Scientific Revolution. 4 Main Idea New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution.

–Exploration –New lands, new people, new animals New Viewpoints.

As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.

7 Main Idea European thinkers developed new ideas about government and society during the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment.

9 Reached peak in 1700s Paris, center of intellectual activity Parisian women hosted social gatherings, salons Philosophers, artists, scientists, writers regularly discussed ideas Peak of Enlightenment Educated people throughout Europe, beyond, inspired Held notion that world problems could be solved New ideas debated in coffeehouses, public spaces Writers published ideas in books, magazines, pamphlets Ideas of Enlightenment The Age of Reason.

1-Sentence-Summary: The Social Contract is a political piece of writing that serves as a pylon for the democracies of today, as it theorizes the elements of a free state where people agree to coexist with each other under the rules of a common body that represents the general will. Read in: 4 minutes.

In 1762, Rousseau wrote a political piece that set the foundation of modern Western nations. The Social Contract by Jean Jacques Rousseau theorizes a series of concepts about democracy and the authority of the state which represents the will of the people.

However, the representatives are the ones making the decisions, rather than the people. Although popular choice elects them, the power is still in the hands of a few.

This is a common issue in our society, as politicians end up having a huge level of power and authority in their hands. When nations reach this state of affairs, it is not the electives who work for the people, but vice-versa.

Therefore, it is crucial that all citizens engage in elections and improve their civic spirit by adopting a more proactive attitude towards their local, regional, and national campaigns. The lessons from this book are invaluable from this point of view, as they help people understand democracy and the power of our collective choices.

Download PDF. Rousseau opens his book by criticizing the Europe of his day.

Back then, states were absolute monarchies, and they held the power in their hands. Nowadays, we can see how although the legal framework of these states has changed, their citizens still aren’t completely free.

And more often than not, they are designed to favor the elite rich of our society.

Expecting something in return is only natural. So we receive lawful order and the protection of a state.

However, he rejected this presumption and proceeded to think about how leaders had their powers simply because they were the most powerful in their societies. Again, he rejected this hypothesis.

Therefore, they engage into a social contract. Rousseau insists on the idea that the sovereign, or the monarchs, should exercise their authority as an expression of the general will of the people.

Moreover, the people should be sovereign over the monarchs, and not the opposite. In a legitimate state, the authority is there to serve the people, because the people name their representatives.

A legitimate state is governed by laws that benefit everybody by preserving their rights, freedoms, and their security as civilians. We are governed by such laws today and we count on them for our safety in society.

For Rousseau, any state that applies these principles and represents its citizens by enforcing the general will is legitimate. Therefore not only republics but also monarchies can achieve this state.

Ideally, the state should split the power to avoid conflicts of interest. In a legitimate state, authoritative bodies split the power.

The sovereign determines what is the law and the government is responsible for its application.

This is because power can turn around people’s intentions and create conflict. This puts the social contract in danger.

They would rather protect their own. For this reason, it is crucial that the people constantly evaluate their electives and monitor their objectives.

Rousseau advocated for these collective meetings and says they are necessary for a state’s well-being. When people meet, they can discuss proposals, new laws, and their new objectives.

The political philosophy of Rousseau is an evergreen piece, being as actual today as it was almost three hundred years ago. The concepts presented in the book can empower any citizen to believe in democracy and expand their knowledge of the principles that created it.

The preoccupied citizen that wants to learn more about the politics of the democratic states, the person passionate about philosophy and history, or the student who wishes to expand their knowledge in these domains. Last Updated on May 25, 2023.

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1 THE ENLIGHTENMENT. 2 IMMANUEL KANT:  “Dare to Know.

3  Renaissance  Reformation  Scientific Revolution  Newton  Locke ORIGINS: Periods:. 4  Reason: Rational Thought  Secularism  Social Progress  Education of the Masses  Freedom and Liberty  Tolerance  Legal Reform CHARACTERISTICS:  Laws of Nature.

5  Who where they.  Common bonds  Students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms.

6 PHILOSOPHERS. 7  Advocated religious toleration  Deism: existence of a “mechanic” who had created the universe  World ran according to natural law VOLTAIRE:(1694-1778).

► Judge a man by his questions rather than by his answers. ► Men are equal.

► Love truth and pardon error. ► The way to become boring is to say everything.

9  Attacks traditional religion  Advocates religious toleration  Denounces slavery  Focus: use of reason  “Natural Laws” governing society  Separation of powers Executive Legislative Judicial MONTESQUIEU: (1689-1755) The Persian Letters: 1721 The Spirit of Laws: 1748. 10  Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.

11  Social Contract  General Will  Liberty: achieved by being forced to follow what was best for all people.  Freedom: adherence to laws one has imposed on oneself THE SOCIAL CONTRACT 1762  Principles of a Democracy.

Law of Self- Interest -2. Law of Competition -3.

13 THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHES. 14 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.

16 MADAME GEOFFRIN’S SALON. 17 THE SALON  Philosophes and guests engaged in conservations and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment  Run by wealthy women in urban areas  Reputation of salon depended upon the stature of males a hostess could attract  Females influence decision making and literary and artistic taste.

19  Attempts to summarize the state of knowledge  Freedom of thought and expression  Progress through knowledge DIDEROT. 20 ENCYCLOPEDIA  First published 1751  28 Volumes  Illustrated  Cross-Referenced.

24 ENCYCLOPEDIA. 25 AN INCREASE IN READING.

27 “Must Read” Books of the Time. 28 The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris.

30 Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens.

Berkeley ESLRs (Wording may change)1. Global Citizen: All Berkeley graduates will demonstrate respect and compassion for themselves and the world around them.

Independent Learner: Through the use of developed strategies, all Berkeley graduates will demonstrate the curiosity, confidence, and enthusiasm to direct their own learning. 3.

Contrast: Contrast-Size Contrast-Shape Contrast1. Contrast is attractive to the eyeOne of the main reasons to use contrast in your designs, whether for print or web, is to grab attention.2.

Contrast creates a focusThe famous adverts for the iPod expertly used contrast to focus the viewers attention on the music player. The ads featured a silhouetted character on a brightly colored background.

Repetition is the repeating of a design, or an element of the design throughout the piece. You can apply the principle of repetition to: -Shapes-Colors-Text*Repetition is important for the flow, or rhythm (a feeling of organized movement) of the design.

AlignmentEach item in a design should be placed there with purpose. Every element should have some visual connection with another element on the page.

Both text and objects need to be aligned.ProximityItems relating to each other should be grouped close together. When several items are in close proximity to each other, they become one visual unit rather than several separate units.